Romanesque was the artistic and architectural style dominant in Western and Southern Europe between the 9th and 12th centuries. Romanesque was:
characteristic of the feudal world.
deeply religious.
adopted Roman elements and developed along the Romance languages.
1. 1. The rise of the romanesque.
10th century, due to the end of the second invasions took place:
economic development.
population growth
apparition of new villages that needed churches.
11th century, apparition of the Romaneque art, the first artistic style common to all Christianity. The art was religious and depicted the glory of God.
1. 2. Development of the romanesque style.
Christian devotion during the 10th century was very important in the development of the Romanesque Art:
The cult of relics (part of the body belonging to a saint) which were kept in churches.
Pilgrimage routes to a sacred places where large pilgrimage churches where built.
Cluny Abbey which controlled many monasteries in the pilgrimage routes and helped to spread the Romanesque art.
1. 3. Culture controlled by the Church.
During the Middle Ages most of the population was illiterate.Only members of the clergy and the nobility could write and read.
Monasteries were the most important learning institutions until the 12th century:
there people learn how to read and write and study.
had large libraries that contained a vast amount of knowledge.
In scriptorira, the monks copied the books by hand onto parchment and illustrated books from Antiquity.
Latin was the main language of religion and culture.
In the Early Middle Ages, Latin Vulgar started to evolve into the Romance Language spoken in Europe such as Italian, Castilian, French, Portuguese, Galician and Catalan.
2. Romanesque architecture.
The main buildings were churches. Churches represented the glory of God on Earth.
2. 1. The floor plan.
They used the Latin cross plan (planta de cruz latina) to symbolise the place where Jesus died. It consisted of two parts:
a long section that housed the naves (naves)
a shorter section, transept (transepto).
The place where they met is called crossing (crucero) and usually is covered by a dome of tower.
The top part of the cross contained a central semicircular apse (abside) where the altar is located.
Next to the main entrance is located a bell tower.
Pilgrimage churches had an ambulatory, a gallery in the apse that allow the pilgrims to move around.
2. 2. Vaults, walls and arches.
To cover the buildings they used vaults that replaced wooden roofs:
Barrel vaults (boveda de cañón), semicircular vaults divided into sections by arches. Were very heavy
Groin vaults (boveda de arista), made of the intersection of two barrel vaults. Was lighter and supported by four pillars.
Buildings supported by very thick walls with a few spaces for windows, and reinforced by:
pillars and columns inside.
buttresses outside.
Use of semicircular arches with capitals in doors and windows.
Use of domes with a square of octogonal plan to cover the crossing.
In churches with three naves there is a tribune or triforium above the side naves.
1. 3. The main entrance.
Was located on the west entrance and symbolised the door to Heavenly Jerusalem.
Was decorated with reliefs and sculptures.
Reconstrucion of the Cluny III abbey.
Barrel vault. San Pere de Rodes.
Use of barrel vault. Basilique of Saint Sernin, Toulouse. File: Toulouse,_Basilique_Saint-Sernin-PM_51262.jpg Author: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:PMRMaeyaert License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Groin vault, Maria Laach Abbey. File: Maria Lach 12.jpg Author: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Goldi64 License: GFLD
Use of groin vault, Durham Cathedral. File:Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg Author: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Oliver-Bonjoch License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Crossing of Speyer Cathedral, Germany. The crossing is covered by a dome supported by a octogonal base.
Santiago de Compostela, central nave. Tribune of triforium.File:SantCompostela21.jpg Author: Georges Jansoone License: BY-SA 3.0
Main entrance of Saint Trofimo's church. File:Arles_kirche_st_trophime_fassade.jpg Author: http://www.reserv-art.de/ License: CC BY-SA 3.0
3. LIFE IN A BENEDICT MONASTERY.
Monks lived in the countryside, far from the cities. They retired to monasteries to devote their life to God, through work, meditation and prayer.
In order to become a monk you had to:
pass a learning period (novitiate)
make three vows to be ordained: obedience, poverty and chastity.
3. 1. Monastic orders.
Monasteries are ruled by an abbot (abad) or abbess (abadesa), who had overall authorithy over the comunity, but had to consult the rest of the community on the most important issues.
Monks and nuns are organised in monastic orders (ordenes monásticas) which were subject to monastic rules that explained how to organise the monasteries and the life of the monks. The main two orders were:
The Benedictine Order, founded by St. Benedict in the 6th century in Italy.
The Cisterian Order was a reform of the Benedictine Order and appeared in the 12th century.
3. 2. Daily life in a monastery.
Daily life in monasteries was centred on prayer and work, but not all the monks performed the same task: some copied manuscripts in the scriptorium, others worked in the garden and others looked after the sick.
Monks and nuns spent most of the day in silence and ate together. The monasteries were built around a churhc, surrounded by several buildings: a refectory or dining room, the cloister (claustro), the scriptorium or library), etc.
4. Romanesque painting.
Romanesque painting had common characteristics:
Its functions were educational (to teach the faithful), moralising (helping people to distinguish right from wrong) and decorative (to cover the walls).
paintings had no depth, volume or perspective.
Use of uniform colors (blue, red) with thick outlines.
Figures are always forward-facing and stylised, anti-naturalistic and hieratic.
Scenes were adapted to the architectural framework.
Characters are arranged hierarchically so that the most important ones are larger.
The most common motifs were:
scenes from the bible and the life of saints.
representations of everyday life.
4. 2. Types of painting.
There were three types of paintings:
Frescos which covered the walls and the apses of the churches.
Paintings on wooden boards covered with a layer or plaster (panel paintings) (pintura sobre tabla) to cover the front of the altar and the apse (altarpieces) (retablo).
Miniatures for decorating and ilustrating religious books. Small, but detailed and full of colours.
Fresco painting was a complex and precise technique:
First the wall was covered with layers of mortar and a thin layer of lime-based plaster.
The artist drew an outline on parchment.
Then, he made holes in the parchment along the outline of the drawing. The parchment was placed in the wall and the artist blew soot through the holes.
Pigments (earth mixed with egg) were applied to the plaster. The plaster was sprinkled with water to keep the wall wet.
The most common images in the churches were: the patocrator and the theotokos:
The pantocrator. Christ is represented inside and almond shape (mandorla). He blessed with his right hand and hold a book with his left. He is surrounded by the four Evangelists) with his symbols:
John, an eagle.
Matthew, an angel.
Mark, a lion.
Luke, a bull.
Theotokos. The Virgin is represented as the mother of God, seated in a throne with the infant Jesus on her knees.
Educational function. Painting was used to teach the Christian doctrine to the believers. Creation of Adam and the Original Sin, Museo del Prado.
Pantocrator.
Theotokos. The Virgin Mary represented as the throne of Christ Child.
Representation of the daily life. Peasants.
5. ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE.
5. 1. Main characteristics.
The main characteristics of the romanesque architecture are:
Sculpture was used to teach the Christian doctrine.
Most sculptures were atached to buildings and had to adapt to the shape and dimensions of the surface on which they were made.
Carvings made of wood and brightly-coloured polychrome were put on churh altars.
The sculptures were rigid, hieratic and lacked perspective.
Sculptures groups were organised hierarchically and geometrically according to importance.
The main themes were the crucifixion of Christ and the Virgin and the Child, but also scenes of everyday life.
5. 2. Capitals.
The capitals in cloisters were decorated with diverse themes:
Religious with Biblical characters and historiated capitals that narrated entire stories.
Everyday life.
Real or fantastic animals and plant motifs.
5. 3. Entrances.
Sculptures were mainly located at the entrance of the churches to inspire awe among the faithful as they entered the church:
the main scene, the figure of Christ in Majesty, is located on the tympanum.
the lintel, doorframe and archivolts contians scenes from the Bible, the apostles and the saints, animals and geometrical motifs.
Last Jugdment, Saint Lazare Cathedral. File:118_Autun_Cathédrale_Saint-Lazare_Le_tympan_(détail).jpg Author: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Moreau.henri License: CC BY-SA 3.0
6. ROMANESQUE ART IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA.
Romanesque art reached the Iberian Peninsula at the of the 10th centruy and spreaded during the 11th and 12th centuries, specially along the Camino de Santiago.
Shared many characteristics with the Europan Romanesque but was inspired by Pre-Romanesque styles.
6. 1. Architecture.
We can distinguish two stages:
First Romanesque, in Catalonia and Aragón, 10th century and early 11th century.
Full Romanesque, all the Christian Kingdoms, 11th and 12th centuries.
We can distinguish three styles according to the dominant influence:
French Romaneaque, in the Camino de Santiago. Best examples, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela; the Churches of Isidoro (León) and San Martín de Fromista.
Lombard Romanesque in Catalonia. Small churches decorated with lombard bands and with high bell towers. Best example: San Clemente de Tull.
Mudejar Romanesque. Castile-León, Castile-La Mancha, Extremadura and Aragón. Use of bricks and blind arcades (arquillos ciegos).
6. 2. Sculpture and paintings.
Main characteristics:
French influence through the Camino de Santiago.
Influence of the Islamic art.
Notable examples are:
the entrance of the monastery in Ripoll.
the cloister of Santo Domingo de Silos.
the Portico de la Gloria of Dantiago de Compostela.
About the painting the main themes were
In Catalonia, scenes form the Bible.
in Castile and Leon, plant motifs and scenes from everyday life.
Santiago's de Compostela interior. File:Catedral,_Santiago_de_Compostela,_España,_2015-09-22,_DD_13.jpg Attribution: Diego Delso License: BY-SA 4.0
San Martín de Fromista.
San Clemente de Tahull. File:Taull001.jpg Author: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario:Airunp Lincese: BY-SA 2.5
San Tirso de Sahagún.
Annunciation of the Shepperds, Pantheon of the kings.
Only a narrow stretch of land in the north of the Iberian Peninsula remained outside the control of the Cordoba's Emirate.
Nevertheless, the internal conflicts in Al-Andalus during the 8th century, favoured the formation of two areas that resisted the islamic role:
a territory around Asturias, where some Visigothic noble had fled from the islamic conquest.
several counties in the Pyriness which were a part of the Marca Hispanica.
1. 1. The kingdom of Asturias.
At the beggining of the 8th century, some local leaders from Asturias rejected the authority of the emirs of Cordoba. One of them, Pelagius, defeated the muslims in the battle of Covadonga (722 AD) and the muslims abandoned the territory.
During the 8th and 9th centuries, the kingdom of Asturias started to expanse:
Alfonso I (8th century) conquered Galicia.
Alfonso II (9th century) established the capital in Oviedo and introduced the Visigothic laws.
Asturian art.
The art of the kingdom of Asturias mixed the visigothic traditions with new elements:
rounded arch.
barrel vault.
external buttreses.
1. 2. The Marca Hispanica.
During the 8th century, Charlemagne occupied Pamplona, Jaca, Girona and Barcelona, although he was not able to reach the Ebro River. This territories became the Marca Hispanica, a fortified zone to reinforce the border of his kingdom. The Marca Hispanica was divided in counties who swore loyalty to the king.
After the death of Charlemagne, the counties became independent:
2. FROM THE KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS TO THE KINGDOM OF LEON.
2. 1. The occupation of the Duero river.
In te second half of the 9th century, Alfonso III (866-910) conquered the region between the Cordillera Cantabrica and the River Duero, taking advantage of the internal conflicts of the emirs of Cordoba., including cities like Astorga, Porto, Leon y Astorga.
2. 2. The creation of the kingdom of Leon.
In the 9th century, peasant families from the Cantabrian valleys were encouraged to move to the Duero Valley to occupy it.
Ordoño IImoved his court to Leon to control the Duero Valley in 914 AD. The kingdom of Asturias became the kingdom of Leon.
2. 3. 10th century: a stable border.
In the 10th century, the kingdom of Leon reached the River Tormes, conquering Salamanca and Avila.
The Cordoba's caliphate, led by Al-Mansur, stopped its expansion, launching raids against Santiago, Leon and Zamora. Because of that, Leon tried to secure the frontier along the Duero River.
2. 4. The origin of Castile.
Most of the Muslim attacks on Leon came from the east (La-Rioja, Alava and Burgos). Because of this, Alfonso III built castles and lands to several counts in this region, that became known as Castile, land of the castles.
The counts started to act independently and in 10th century, the count Fernán González united all the counties in Castile, creating the County of Castile.
In the 11th century, the County of Castile became a part of the Kingdom of Pamplona, but in 1035 became independent again with Ferdinand I. In 1037,Ferdinand became the king of Leon.
In the 9th century the territories of the Marca Hispanica became independent from the Carolingian Empire:
Kingdom of Pamplona.
Kingmo of Aragon.
Catalan counties.
3. 1. Kingdom of Pamplona.
Was located between the Arga and Aragon rivers an inhabited by basques. Led by the families Arista and Jimena fought against the Franks and the Muslims.
Finally, the Arista dinasty expelled the Franks, establishing the Kingdom of Pamplona.
In the 10th century, Pamplona conquered Álava, La Rioja and the County of Aragón.
3. 2. Aragón: from county to kingdom.
In the 9th century, the Aznar Galíndez family created the County of Aragon. Later, the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza joined Aragon and in the 11th century appeared the kingdom of Aragon.
3. 3. The catalan counties.
In the 9th century, Wilfred the Hairy (Wilfredo el Velloso), count of Barcelona annexed most of the Catalan counties and made his position hereditary.
His grandson, Count Borrel II, made the counties independent from the franks in 987 AD.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, the catalan counties expanded into Occitania (north of the Pyrenees) and towards the Ebro Valley.
3. 4. Sancho III "the Great".
Sancho III (1004-1035) inherited the Kingdom of Pamplona and thanks to marriage alliances and military skills he conquered:
the counties of Castille, Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza.
most of the Kingdom of Leon.
Navarra became the most powerful kingdom in the Peninsula, but when he died his kingdom was divided among his sons, creating the kingdoms: Castile and Leon, Pamplona and Aragón.
The kingdom of Pamplna under Sancho III the Great.File: Mapa de las
expansión de los reinos cristianos por la Península Ibérica en el s. XI.
Author: José Alberto Bermúdez. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
4. THE CAMINO DE SANTIAGO.
In the 9th century, the tomb of St. James was found in Galicia, near Finisterre. The location was named, Compostela. Alfonso II ordered the construction of a church on the site of the tomb of Saint James.
In the 11thc entury routes to Santiago were organised from different parts of Europe, the Camino de Santiago.
4. 1. The Jacobean route.
In the 9th century, the tomb of St. James was found in Galicia, near
Finisterre. The location was named, Compostela. Alfonso II ordered the
construction of a church on the site of the tomb of Saint James.
The Camino de Santiago was a network of routes to Santiago organised from different parts of Europe from the 11th century and used for Christian pilgrims who wanted forgiveness for their sins. The Camino became a cultural and commercial exchange:
towns grew along the road: Jaca, Estella, Pamplona, Logroño, Burgos, Leon.
Inns (posadas), hospitals (hospitales) and churches were built.
The Romanesque (Romanico) and Gothic (Gótico) styles of architecture spread through the Iberian Peninsula.
4. 2. The pilgrimmate.
The pilgrims walked to Santiago in groups for protection and wore a scallop shell to identify themselves.
Their final destination was the Cathedral of Santiago where they visited the tomb of the apostle.
Way of St. James road network. File:Ways_of_St._James_in_Europe.png Autrhor: Manfred Zentgraf, Volkach, Germany License: CC BY-SA 2.5
5. The advance of the christian kingdoms.
5. 1. The taifa kingdoms.
After the fall of the caliphate (1031 AD), Al-Andalus was divided into small kingdoms (taifa). This kingdoms were weak and paid parias (an annual tribute in gold in exchange for a temporary truce) to the christian kingdoms. The christian kingoms used this money to built stronger armies and during the 11th and 12th centuries conquered the valleys of the rivers Tajo and Ebro.
5. 2. The kingdom of Castille and Leon.
Ferdinand I (1037-1065) conquered the provinces of Salamanca and Avila.
Alfonso VI (1065-1109) conquered Toledo, Madrid and the center of the Peninsula.
Alfonso VII (12th century) was proclaimed "Emperor of All Spain" and all the other peninsular kingdoms paid him vassalage.
Nevertheless the castilian advance was stoped by the Almoravids and the Almohads. The almoravids defeated Alfonso Vi in Sagrajas (1086), and later the Almohads defeated the Christians in Alarcos but later they were defeated in Las Navas de Tolosa (1212).
5. 3. The conquest of the Ebro Valley.
Navarra.
Navarra was unable to expand south due to Castille and Aragon and by the 13th century was ruled by French dinasties.
Crown of Aragon.
During the 11h century Aragon conquered the province of Zaragoza, and the County of Barcelona conquered Tarragona and expanded into Occitania (south of France).
During the12th century, Ramon Berenguer IV (1131-1162) conquered the rest of Catalonia and Alfonso II, Teruel.
Spain in 1100 AD.
The Christian kingdoms during the 12th century. File: La Reconquista, siglo XII. Author: Alejandro Cana Sánchez. License: (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
6. THE RESETTLEMENT.
6. 1. Definition and types.
The Resettlement (in spanish, Repoblación) was the occupation of land that had been deserted (Ebro Valley, Plain of Vic) or taken from Al-Andalus (the Tajo and Ebro Valleys) by the Christian kings. We can distinguish two types of resettlement:
Free resettlement (in spanish, repoblación libre) (pressura or aprisio, 9-10th centuries). Small plots of lands were given to free peasants that founded villages. The settlers owned small plots of land (allods) and held pastures, water and forests collectively as public property.
Concejiles resettlement (in spanish, repoblación concejil) (11-12th centuries) organised by the monarchs in areas of the border with Al-Andalus. To encourage the settlement of cicities, the monarchs granted privileges:
municipal charters, collective contracts that established the conditions for cultivating the land.
fueros, rights, liberties and ta exemptions granted to the inhbitants of a city.
6. 2. Organization of the settlements.
Most of the settlements were small villages inhabited by free peasants.
They cultivated wheat and gravevines using oxens to work the land. The houses had vegetable gardens and a barn for a cow, some pigs and chickens.
The villagers meet in a council to discuss communal matters.
Most of th resettlers were Cantabrian or Asturians, bu also Christians from Al-Andalus (Morzarabs).
6. 3. Mozarabic art.
Small churches built by the Mozarabs in the 9th and 10th centuries. Their main characteristics were:
Built in stone with thick walls and sparsely decorated.
Use of horseshoe arches.
Columns with capitals decorated with plant motifs.
7. THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE PENINSULAR KINGDOMS.
7. 1. The Crown of Castille.
The kingdoms of Castille and Leon were finally unified in 1230 with Ferdinand III. He created the Crown of Castille that became the most important peninsular kingdom.
7. 2. The kingdom of Portugal.
Portugal was a part of the Kingdom of Leon that became a county in the early 12th century.
Became independent in 1128 when Alfonso Enriques proclaimed himself king.
Portugal started to expand south.
7. 3. The crown of Aragon.
In 1137, Petronila the daughter of Ramiro II, the king of Aragon, married Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, creating the Crown of Aragon. His son, Alfonso II controlled the kingdom of Aragon, the catalan counties and Occitania.
8. EL CID.
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (1043-1099) was a member of the castilian lower nobility, a knight without lands. There were three ways that a knight could use to became rich: fight for the king, win battles or marry a wealthy woman.
8. 1. Castile and Leon.
Rodrigo was educated with the prince Sancho. When Sancho became king, he made Rodrigo royal standard-bearer. After the dead of Sancho, Rodrigo served under Alfonso VI and married Alfonso's niece in 1074.
Later he was accused of launching a expedition to take Toledo without permision and was exiled (1081.
8. 2. Al-Muqtadir.
He became the head of the armies of the king of Zaragoza betwen 1081 and 1086. He was known as sidi (lord).
8. 3. Reconciliation with Alfonso and second exile.
In 1086, Rodrigo reconciled with Alfonso and left from Levante where protected the allies of Alfonso and forced the muslim kings to pay parias to Castille.
In 1089, Rodrigo was accused of treason again and force to exile. Then, he decided to act on his own, becoming the most powerful leader in the Levante. In 1094 he conquered Valencia and established a christian taifa under his own rule.
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